Contexts1850To1900

Contexts 1850 to 1900
1874 Kelvin puts forward the Second Law of thermodynamics 1892 Dewar (vacuum) flask invented by James Dewar 1894 Wilhelm Wien discovers how temperature affects the colour of a blackbody || **Other sciences** 1851 Foucault demonstrates the Earth's rotation using a pendulum 1857 The first synthetic dye factory was set up by William Perkin, for the production of mauveine 1858 First Printed Exposition of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection August 20[| Charles Darwin] and [|Alfred Russel Wallace] publish "On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural selection" in the //Journal of the Proceedings of the [|Linnean Society]//. This is the first printed formal exposition of the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin had developed the essential elements of his theory by 1838 and set them on paper in 1844; however, he chose to keep his work on evolution unpublished for the time, instead concentrating his energies first on the preparation for publication of his geological work on the [|Beagle voyage], and then on an exhaustive eight-year study of the barnacle genus [|Cirripedia]. 1859 Gaston Plante invents a storage lead-acid battery (now used as car batteries) 1859 Publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species 1860 The first international meeting of chemists is organised in Karlsruhe by Kekule 1869 The first Periodic Table is formulated and published by Mendeleev 1873 Maxwell describes light as electromagnetic radiation 1887 The theory of electrolytic dissociation is put forward by Arrhenius || **Cultural** 1850 The First Telegraph Cable between England and France John and Jacob [|Brett] lay the first [|telegraph cable] between England and France. After a French fisherman cuts the cable, thinking it is a new kind of seaweed, they install an armored cable in 1851 that will last for many years. 1863 US National Academy of Sciences initiated by Abraham Lincoln 1868 First traffic lights introduced to ease problems in London 1869 Joseph Lockyer founded Nature journal 1869 In the US, a transcontinental railway is completed 1871 Gramme introduced the first commercially-significant electric motor, following 50 years of research across the world 1874 Invention of the QWERTY Keyboard Typewriter [|Christopher Sholes], Samuel Soule and Carlos Glidden invented the [|first practical typewriter]in 1868. 1875 The Earliest Exhibition Exclusively of Scientific Instruments The earliest international exposition exclusively of scientific instruments is held at the South Kensington Museum, London. 1875 Bell Invents the telephone March 10 [|Alexander Graham Bell] invents the [|telephone]. Speaking through the instrument to his assistant, Thomas A. Watson, in the next room, Bell says "Mr. Watson--come here--I want to see you." 1876 Elizabeth Bragg, graduated from Berkeley as a Civil Engineer 1877 The First Regular Telephone Line Construction of the first regular telephone line is completed. It runs from Boston to Somerville, Massachusetts. 1877 Invention of the Microphone March 4[| Emile Berliner] invents the [|microphone]. It is used as a telephone speech transmitter. 1882 First vaccine for rabies 1885 Daimler Invents the Internal Combustion Engine [| Gottlieb Daimler] invents the internal combustion engine and [|Karl Benz] builds a single-cylinder engine for a motor car. 1887 An estimated 1 million people die as the result of flooding, when the Chinese Yellow River bursts its banks 1893 Invention of the Automobile Karl Benz invents a[| four-wheel automobile]. Charles and Frank Duryea produce the first automobile built in America during this year. 1899 Johan Vaaler invented the paperclip || **Political** 1855 David Livingstone became the first European to see Victoria Falls 1860 Burke and Wills led Great Northern Exploration Expedition to cross Australia from South to North 1867 Alaska is bought by the US from Russia ||
 * 1850 - 1899 || ** Physics related to temperature and heat ** 1851 Kelvin proposes absolute zero